On Friday, another court filing was unsealed showing prosecutors had accessed 32 direct messages from Trump’s Twitter account.
But the balance between free speech and following the law is proving vastly more complicated in much of the rest of the world, where speech can be constrained by more restrictive laws. While Twitter, now known as X, has generally followed the law, in the past it touted its position on fighting back against overreaching government requests — particularly when it came to prosecuting speech online.
Now, in Germany, X under Musk’s ownership is complying with requests to turn over more information about its users to prosecutors in online hate-crime investigations. The country has strict hate-speech laws forbidding certain defamation of politicians and promotion of white supremacy, and the company under Musk has turned over reams of user data to prosecutors to help identify those who break the law, according to three prosecutor offices who spoke with The Washington Post. As a result, hundreds of new cases are being pursued, they said.
In one recent case, prosecutors in the German state of Bavaria used data provided by X to identify a suspect who mocked Markus Söder, the leader of the conservative CSU party there, as “Södolf,” a play on his last name and the first name of Adolf Hitler.
X shares data in 50 to 100 cases per month with Bavarian authorities, up significantly from before the acquisition, said Sebastian Murer, a spokesman for the Munich public prosecutors office overseeing hate-speech investigations.
Musk restored thousands of users previously banned for rule-breaking. Now, German prosecutors are going after the same types of accounts.
“Before Elon Musk, Twitter would regularly evaluate and eventually push back against government requests if they were a threat to dissidents or free speech,” Yoel Roth, the former head of the company’s trust and safety team, said in an interview. But that requires vast resources. “Compliance, on the other hand, is the easy option.”
X did not respond to requests for comment.
Musk has previously said that people should be able to speak freely within the bounds of the law, in response to a question about what the platform could do to support citizens in countries like China and Iran.
But human rights advocates point to a concerning trend under Musk’s ownership when it comes to cooperation with foreign governments. One report by international news site Rest of World that analyzed data from Harvard University’s Lumen database — where X was still auto-reporting takedowns — showed an uptick in the social media company’s overall compliance with government requests for censorship and surveillance from November through April. Most of the cases were in Turkey, Germany and India.
Australia in August threatened to fine X over the surge in hate speech online. Germany threatened to fine the company over not removing illegal content on the site in April.
X’s last public transparency report on government requests, published shortly before Musk’s purchase, showed that the company had shared user data with German authorities in 285 cases in the second half of 2021. That went beyond just hate-speech user data requests, including those for terrorism or child sexual abuse investigations. The company turned down more than half of the requests.
Cologne public prosecutor Christoph Hebbecker said the uptick in X‘s compliance was particularly notable in hate speech, an area in which he’s worked for years.
“Before Musk, we almost never got data for digital hate-crime cases. After the acquisition, we almost always did,” Hebbecker told The Post.
In the U.S., the First Amendment provides protections for most speech. That means that social media companies are generally left to make rules and police the sites for violative content themselves.
Under Musk, X has loosened the rules governing speech on the site and researchers have said that misinformation and hate speech have surged on the site under the new ownership. The Post found the site’s “For you” timeline amplified hate speech, and recently a study by the European Commission showed that the network’s new policies led to a spread of Russian propaganda and hate speech.
Musk tweeted in reply to a post on the study, “Where is all this pro-Russia propaganda? We don’t see it.”
And in court records unsealed in mid-August, X fought back against giving private messages to U.S. federal prosecutors in the criminal investigation into Trump’s efforts to overturn the 2020 election results, albeit unsuccessfully, prompting a federal judge to question if Musk was just pushing back in that case to “cozy up with the former president.” The judge criticized X for delaying special counsel Jack Smith‘s investigation and ordered the company to pay $350,000.
“It is frankly ludicrous seeing them going to great lengths to protect Donald Trump’s data, but seemingly not vulnerable activists in authoritarian regimes, who rely on the platform to voice dissent,” added Roth, the former executive. Roth criticized the recent developments as a “double standard.”
German prosecutors in Frankfurt, Cologne and Munich — who are among the most active in that country investigating digital hate crimes — say it’s unclear what exactly sparked the apparent increase in cooperation with their requests for user data. There is also more problematic content on the site overall.
Prosecutors typically request information like names, email addresses or IP addresses from the tech giants to help track down users.
The company has shed roughly 80 percent of its workforce since Musk acquired the company, prompting chaos and confusion as entire teams and departments were eliminated. X stopped publishing its biannual transparency report on government requests after Musk took over.
“It’s been quite painful. But I think, at the end of the day, it should have been done,” Musk said of the layoffs during an April interview. “Were there many mistakes made along the way? Of course, you know. But all’s well that ends well.”
The scaled-down operations could be influencing the new tactics, said David Kaye, a professor at the University of California at Irvine and former United Nations special rapporteur on protecting freedom of opinion and expression.
“It certainly shows that the owners of these platforms have enormous power about what the cooperation with government does and does not look like,” he said.
Following World War II, German lawmakers made it illegal to strongly incite hatred against minorities, to deny the Holocaust or to defame and slander elected officials in a way that might impact their ability to serve the public. Those regulations are meant as safeguards against any anti-democratic tendencies and often target neo-Nazis, who represent a rising threat in the country.
But those laws also became increasingly difficult to police in a world in which criminals could hide behind online identities that protected their hate crimes.
In 2017, Germany introduced an online hate law known as NetzDG, which requires companies to delete reported hate speech within 24 hours, generating controversy over further potential restrictions on speech. The European Union recently introduced a similar law that can result in high fines.
Prosecutors have cracked down on online hate after the murder of conservative politician Walter Lübcke by a neo-Nazi in 2019. The local politician in the German state of Hessen had become the subject of online attacks after a video of him defending the country’s open policies on migration went viral. Later that year, a radicalized member of a niche neo-Nazi online forum shot two people as he tried to storm a synagogue in an eastern German city.
“We know that large amounts of concentrated online hate campaigns can be a threat to a democracy because we repeatedly hear from local politicians or activists who quit because of these attacks,” said Josephine Ballon, who is part of Hate Aid, a German organization supporting victims of online harassment. “But these people are important to an open and vital public discourse.”
Julia Bussweiler, a spokeswoman for the Frankfurt prosecutors office, said that X shared data in cases where posts were seen as calling for criminal behavior like attacking members of an ethnic minority or violating a law called “incitement to hatred” which is often used to prosecute people stirring up strong forms of hatred against refugees or minorities such as Muslims.
Prosecutors in Frankfurt in July filed charges against an X user who they say posted illegal forms of insult against German Minister of Health Karl Lauterbach based on data they received from X in May. The social Democrat minister, one of the most outspoken supporters of vaccines and masking during the covid pandemic in Germany, is regularly the target of online harassment.
Publicly, Musk called restrictions during the covid pandemic fascist in 2020 and just weeks after buying the site, it ended its ban on covid misinformation.
Still, Germany is democratic, Ballon said, something that starkly contrasts many countries seeking this type of data.
“I would hope that these networks can differentiate between places with robust rule of law like Germany and authoritarian governments,” Ballon added.